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Tasks

Compilation in containers

📍 : This task should be done on the Contabo server after connecting with SSH to the user that you did create yesterday on the server (not admin).

We want to practice compilation and containers, so lets compile in a container!

In this task, we want to compile the program tmate.

Start an Ubuntu container with podman run -it --rm --name tmate-compiler ubuntu:latest bash.
Go to the website of tmate and find out how to compile from source (there are instructions for compiling on Ubuntu).
Follow the compilation instructions in the container.
After compilation, you will find the binary tmate in the directory of the git repository.
Don't exit the container yet, otherwise you will lose what you have done in it. Now open a new terminal (tab) and copy the binary tmate from the container to the directory bin in your home directory. Use the command podman cp CONTAINERNAME:SRC_PATH DESTINATION_PATH.
Verify that the binary tmate was copied to DESTINATION_PATH and then exit the container in the first terminal (tab).

Now write a script called compile_tmate.sh that automates what you have done in the container to compile tmate. Just copy all the commands that you used in the container to a script.

Add to the end of the script mv PATH_TO_TMATE_BINARY_IN_CONTAINER /volumes/bin to copy the binary to the directory /volumes/bin after compilation.

Create a directory called scripts and put the script in it.

Now write a second script in the parent directory of the directory scripts. The second script should automate creating the container that runs the first script.

Do the following in the second script:

Check if scripts/compile_tmate.sh does NOT exist. In this case you should print a useful message that explains why the script terminates and then exit with error code 1.
Make sure that scripts/compile_tmate.sh is executable for the user.
Create a directory called bin (next to the directory scripts) if it does not already exist.
Use the following snippet:
```
podman run -it --rm \
    --name tmate-compiler \
    -v ./scripts:/volumes/scripts:Z,ro \
    -v ./bin:/volumes/bin:Z \
    docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest \
    /volumes/scripts/compile_tmate.sh
```
It creates a container that runs the script compile_tmate.sh and is removed afterwards (because of --rm).

The scripts directory is mounted to be able to give the container access to the script compile_tmate.sh. The directory is mounted as read only (ro) because it will not be modified.

The bin directory is mounted to be able to transfer the binary into it before the container exits.

After running the second script, you should see the container compiling and then exiting. At the end, you should find the binary tmate in the bin directory.

Now that you have the program tmate, find out what it does! Try it with a second person.

Tipps:

On Debian based distributions like Ubuntu, the package manager is apt. Before that you can install any packages with apt, you have to run apt update. This does not run system updates like dnf upgrade. apt update does only synchronize the repositories which is needed before installations.
Test if a file exists in bash:
```
if [ -f FILE_PATH ]
then
  (...)
fi
```
Replace (...) with your code. For more information on the option -f and other useful options for bash conditions, read the man page of the program test: man test.

To test if a file does NOT exist, replace -f with ! -f.
Exit a bash script with error code 1:
```
exit 1
```

Task: Static website

📍 : In this task, you should connect as the user admin to the Contabo server. Don't do this task as the user that you did create on the server! ⚠️

📍 : Starting with this task: Asking you to replace N means to enter the number that you are using in the URL ttydN.mo8it.com.

In this task, you will host a static website which is a website that does not have a backend. A static website is just a set of HTML, CSS (and optionally JavaScript) files.

To host the website, we need a web server. In this task, we will use the Nginx web server.

Create a directory ~/nginxN (replace N) with two directories in it: website and conf.

Place these two files:

~/nginxN/conf/nginxN.jinext.xyz.conf (replace N):

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name nginxN.jinext.xyz;

    location / {
        root /volumes/website;
        index index.html;
    }
}

Replace N also in server_name!

~/nginxN/website/index.html (replace N):

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <title>Demo</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Hello world!</h1>
  </body>
</html>

Create a Nginx container with the following options:

Name: nginxN. Replace N!
Timezone tz: local.
Network: traefik.
Volumes:
- ~/nginxN/website:/volumes/website with labels Z,ro.
- ~/nginxN/conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d with labels Z,ro.
Label: io.containers.autoupdate=registry
Image: docker.io/library/nginx:alpine

Create the systemd file for the container above.

Move the systemd file to ~/.config/systemd/user.

Enable and start the container as user services with systemctl --user enable --now container-nginxN. Replace N!

Visit https://nginxN.jinext.xyz to see if everything did work! Replace N!

Now, you can edit index.html and add your own HTML content.

You can also add more files to the directory website. If you add a file test.html for example, then you should see it under https://nginxN.jinext.xyz/test.

Task: Nextcloud

📍 : In this task, you should connect as the user admin to the Contabo server. Don't do this task as the user that you did create on the server! ⚠️

In this task you will deploy your own cloud on the server: Nextcloud!

To do so, we will install Nextcloud as a container using podman.

To connect as admin again, change the user for the host linux-lab in ~/.ssh/config back to admin or use ssh admin@linux-lab instead of only ssh linux-lab.

You can find more information about the Nextcloud container here: https://hub.docker.com/_/nextcloud

Create a directory called nextcloudN (replace N) in the home directory of the user admin.

Create a directory called nextcloudN-db (replace N) for the database container.

Create a container for the database with the following options:

Container name: nextcloudN-db. Replace N!
Timezone tz: local
Network: traefik
Volume: Mount the directory nextcloudN-db (replace N) that you did create into /var/lib/postgresql/data in the container. Use the label Z!
The following environment variables:
- POSTGRES_DB=nextcloud
- POSTGRES_USER=nextcloud
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD=DB_PASSWORD. Replace DB_PASSWORD with a good password!
Label: io.containers.autoupdate=registry
Image: docker.io/library/postgres:alpine

Create the actual Nextcloud container with the following options:

Container name: nextcloudN. N at the end stands for the number that you are using in the url to connect to the browser terminal ttydN.mo8it.com.
Timezone tz: local
Network: traefik
Volume: Mount the directory nextcloudN that you did create into /var/www/html in the container. Use the label Z!
The same environment variables as for the other container! Use the same DB_PASSWORD. Add one more environment variable:
- POSTGRES_HOST=nextcloudN-db. Replace N!
Label: io.containers.autoupdate=registry
Image: docker.io/library/nextcloud:24-apache

Create the systemd files for the two containers above.

Move the systemd files to ~/.config/systemd/user.

Enable and start the two containers as user services with systemctl --user enable --now container-nextcloudN-db and systemctl --user enable --now container-nextcloudN. Replace N!

Visit https://nextcloudN.jinext.xyz to see if everything did work! Replace N!

Task: Vim game

In this task, we are going to play a game! 🎮️

The game is an educational game that lets you learn the very basics of the navigation in Vim/Neovim.

Play the game on this website: https://vim-adventures.com

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